Human capital is a key factor in the success of any enterprise. Since human capital, like other types of capital, is prone to exposure to various types of risk and an important task of any enterprise is to assess the level of human capital. This paper proposes the author's approach to the formation of the structural components of human capital. Its structure included three sets of indicators that characterize educational, intellectual and physical capital. Also, a methodological approach is proposed to evaluate the human capital level of machine-building enterprises, which consists of three interrelated stages. The methodological approach is based on a point evaluation of the indicators included in the human capital structure based on the questionnaire (polling) of the personnel of the analyzed machine-building enterprises. The assessment of the level of human capital was carried out separately for two groups of workers. It is established that the total value of the integral index of human capital corresponds to the average level for all examined enterprises and ranges from 0,463 to 0,585. It has been found that the personnel at the machine-building enterprises have a great potential for development and a high propensity for change. The advantage of human capital assessment on the basis of its structural components is the ability to determine the optimal need for human resources and forecast the cost of supporting and developing human capital.